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Prepositions (Предлоги)

В современном английском языке насчитывается более 400 предлогов. Познакомимся с некоторыми из них.

Предлоги времени

предлог	значение	пример
about	приблизительно, около	*It is about five o’clock*
after	после (<> before)	*After dinner*
at	в (момент времени)	*At five o’clock*
before	до, перед (раньше) (<> after)	*Before dinner*
by	к (срок совершения действия)	*By Monday*
during	в течение, во время (попадает в интервал, но не занимает его целиком)	*I was at the theatre during my holidays*
for	в течение, на (занимает интервал целиком)	*Stay for two weeks* *Leave for three weeks* *An appointment for 5 o’clock*
from	от (начальный момент, действие не совершается в момент речи)	*Open from 5 till 7*
in	в (перед сезоном, месяцем, годом) через, в, за, в течение	*In summer, in October, in 1998* *Return in a week* *The house was built in a year*
on	в (перед датами, днями недели) после	*On Monday* *On the 1^st of May* *On receiving a letter*
past	после (в обозначениях времени)	*It is half past three*
since	с (начальный момент действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося в момент речи) (с тех пор, обычно с Present Perfect)	*I haven’t heard about him since then*
till, until	до, вплоть до (сравни с before)	*Wait for me till Monday*
to	без (в обозначениях времени)	*It is a quarter to ten*
towards	к (при приближении, перед наступлением)	*The rain stopped towards morning*
within	в течение, не позже чем через	*He will come back within an hour*

Commentaries: при переводе с русского языка на английский выражения «в течение» поставьте к нему вопрос:

1. Как долго, сколько времени? – for. We lived there for 10 years.

2. Когда? – during. I will talk with him during this evening.

3. В какой срок? (=за) - in. I’ll finish the work in a week.

4. В какой срок? (=не позже чем через) – within. Please, return within an hour.

Предлоги пространства

предлог	значение	пример
about	вокруг, кругом, по	He walked about the garden
above	над, выше (<> below)	The plane flew above the clouds
across	поперек, через	The bridge across the river
after	за, вслед за	He ran after me
along	вдоль, по	He ran along the road
among	cреди (3 и более предметов, лиц, групп лиц или групп предметов)	We stood among the trees
around	cм. round	*He walked around the garden*
at	у, возле, около в (перед небольшими городами, поселками и т.п.) в, на (перед местом, где про-исходит действие или процесс, к которому причастны)	*I am at the blackboard* *I live at Zelenograd* *I study at school*
before	перед (<>behind, =in front of)	*He sits before us*
behind	позади, за (<>before)	*He sits behind us*
below	под, ниже (<>above)	*The plane flew below the clouds*
beside	рядом с, около, близ	*He sits beside me*
between	между двумя (предметами, лицами, группами лиц или группами предметов)	*He took place between us*
beyond	по ту сторону, за	*He lives beyond the river*
by	у, возле, около мимо	*I am by the window* *He ran by me*
down	вниз, по	*We walked downstairs (down the street)*
from	от, с, из (начало отсчета)	*I am from Moscow*
in	на, в (где?) (куда? – перед столицами и странами)	*We live in Russia* *In the picture, in the street*
inside	внутрь, внутри	*He was inside the house*
into	в (куда?), внутрь	*Go into the room*
off	с (поверхности), от (целого)	*Take off your coat* *Cut off a piece of sausage*
on, upon	на (поверхности)	*Shakespeare lived in* *Stratford-upon- Avon* *The book is on my desk*
opposite	напротив	*The shop is opposite my house*
out of	из, изнутри	*Take the book out of your bag*
outside	вне, за пределы, за пределами (<>inside)	*He was outside the house*
over	над через (с глаголами движения)	*The lamp was over my table* *The plane flew over my house*
past	мимо (=by)	*He walked past me*
round	вокруг, кругом (сравни about)	*He walked round the garden*
through	через, сквозь	*He ran through the forest*
to	в, на, к (направление действия в сторону объекта)	*We arrived to the station*
towards	к, по направлению к	*He walked towards the shop*
under	под (<> over)	*Your bag is under your desk*
up	вверх по к (с глаголами движения – приближение)	*He walked upstairs (up the street)* *Come up!*

Your Practice: Fill up the absent prepositions in the sentences where necessary:

1. He arrived … Great Britain half a month ago.

2. He lives … Chicago.

3. Try to find your exercise-book … the books … your shelf.

4. Let’s go … the cinema.

5. My sister isn’t … home, she is … school.

6. Don’t you know that Carlson lived … a small house … the roof?

7. The market is opposite … that house.

8. The newspaper is … front … you … the window-sill.

9. My friend lives … Petrovka Street.

10.When does your train arrive … the station?

11.Pour some water … the kettle, please.

12.We spent two lovely weeks … the Black Sea.

13.We’ll wait for you … the station.

14.Go … the street and turn left … the first traffic light.

15.The banks close … 7 o’clock …the evening.

16.He became famous only … his death.

17.The play begins … half past seven.

18.He was born … the 13^th … April … 1956.

19.Shakespeare died … 1616.

20.Bye, see you … Tuesday!

21.Alice goes to the swimming pool … every Saturday.

22.Bob is going to play tennis … next Sunday.

23.I’m going to visit my friends … the end of September.

24.… last summer we spent our holidays … France.

25.I hope you feel better … the time you get this letter.

26. She lived in that house …1985 …1988.

27.Mrs. Jackson lived in England … tree years.

28.I’ve never been … Paris.

29.I haven’t seen her … Monday.

30.Mary is gone, but she’ll return … an hour.

31.The train starts … 8.50, so you’d better be at the station … time.

Предлоги меры и степени

предлог	значение	пример
about	приблизительно, около	*There are about 20 students there*
above	выше (<> below)	*The temperature is above zero*
below	ниже (<> above)	*The temperature is below zero*
beside	кроме (сверх, вдобавок)	*I know 3 foreign languages beside English*
except	кроме (за исключением)	*I know 3 foreign languages except English*
over	свыше, сверх (<>under, =above)	*There were over a hundred people there*
under	менее (<> above)	*There were under 20 students there*

Примеры перевода различных падежей существительных

Английские существительные не имеют падежей, аналогичных русским.

Предложный падеж: Tell me about your school. I like books on animals.

Think (speak, hear) of your favourite book.

Дательный падеж: Give it to me. He walked towards the shop.

The rain brings about (приводит к) growing of the grass.

He is used to speaking aloud.

Родительный падеж: It is the second half of the year. This book is for you.

I was called after (в честь) my great-grandfather.

It is difficult to do without a hammer. He’s popular with old.

Творительный падеж: It was done by me. Fill up the teapot with water.

He called for (заходить) her.

Винительный падеж: He hoped for good weather. He was late for his train.

He was angry with his small brother. He left for the city.